Elise Morrison Assistant Professor. Louis Motz Associate Professor Emeritus. Fazil Najafi Professor. Bassel Nemer Adjunct Lecturer. Rachel Nutter Research Administrator I. Oakes essie. Maitane Olabarrieta Associate Professor. Vladimir Paramygin Research Assistant Scientist. Jerry Paris Research Associate Scientist. Office E Weil Hall. Office B Reed Lab. Brian Phillips Associate Professor.
Scott Powell Lab Manager. William Bill Properzio Associate Professor. Office Environmental Health and Safety, Building Taylor Rawlinson Research Assistant Scientist. Doretha Ray Human Resources Generalist. Kyle Riding Professor. Karla Rodrigues-Silva Postdoctoral Associate. Reynaldo Roque Professor Emeritus. Office N Weil Hall. John Sansalone Donald Eckler Professor. Office Nuclear Science Building. Peter Sheng Professor Emeritus. Alex Sheremet University Term Professor. Denise Simmons Associate Professor.
Paul Simpson Training Specialist. Donald Slinn Associate Professor. Xiaoyu Song Associate Professor. Sophie Spratley Undergraduate Academic Advisor.
Thomas Sputo Master Lecturer. Sivaramakrishnan Siva Srinivasan Associate Professor. Robin Stephens Fiscal Assistant I. Arthriya Subgranon Assistant Professor. Sharlynn Sweeney Communications Specialist. Randal Switt Assistant In. Samantha Taningco Engineer II. Robert Thieke Christian S. Bauer Jr. Mang Tia Professor. Office M Weil Hall. Kathe Todd-Brown Assistant Professor. Office B Phelps Lab. Official websites use.
Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Please try again later. No results could be found for the location you've entered. Rates for Alaska, Hawaii, U. Friedman, Siemens Energy, Inc. Gerber, Consultant P. Gerhart, University of Evansville T. Heil, Consultant R. Keyser, Survice Engineering S. Nuspl, Consultant.
Priestley, Consultant J. Silvaggio, Siemens Demag Delaval, Inc. Steele, Mississippi State University T. Toburen, T2E3, Inc. Westcott, Mustan Corp. Wood, Duke Energy, Inc. Bannister, Honorary Member, Consultant W. Hays, Honorary Member, Consultant R. Jorgensen, Honorary Member, Consultant F. Light, Honorary Member, Consultant G. Mittendorf, Jr. Siegmund, Honorary Member, Consultant R. Sommerlad, Honorary Member, Consultant. Latimer was an outstanding engineer who significantly promoted the importance of hydro power-plant performance activities, a faithful Member of the Committee, and a major contributor to the content of this Code.
Pruitt, Stanley Consultants, Inc. Rodrigue, Hatch Acres, Inc. Russell, Weir American Hydro J. Taylor, BC Hydro, Inc. Walsh, Rennasonic, Inc. Watson, Watson Engineering Consultants, Inc. Zrinyi, Manitoba Hydro, Inc. Djelic, Contributing Member, Turboinstitut D. Durham, Contributing Member, U. Bureau of Reclamation G. Mittendorf, Contributing Member, Consultant T. Henry, Honorary Member, Consultant A. Rickett, Honorary Member, Consultant. Watson, Chair R. Munro, Vice Chair G. Osolsobe, Secretary C.
Almquist, Principia Research Corporation M. Byrne, Voith Hydro, Inc. Kirejczyk, Toshiba International Corp. Lewey, Consultant P. March, Hydro Performance Processes, Inc. Marchand, Andritz Hydro, Ltd. Munro, R. Munro Consulting G. Papillon, Alstom Hydro Canada, Inc.
Proulx, Hydro Quebec, Inc. ASME Codes are developed and maintained with the intent to represent the consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Code may interact with the Committee by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending Committee meetings.
Revisions are made periodically to the Code to incorporate changes which appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from the application of the Code. Approved revisions will be published periodically. The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Code.
Such proposals should be as specific as possible, citing the paragraph number s , the proposed wording, and a detailed description of the reasons for the proposal including any pertinent documentation. Interpretations can only be rendered in response to a written request sent to the Secretary of the PTC 18 Committee.
The request for interpretation should be clear and unambiguous. It is further recommended that the inquirer submit his request in the following format: Subject:. Phrase the question as a request for an interpretation of a specific requirement suitable for general understanding and use, not as a request for an approval of a proprietary design or situation. The inquirer may also include any plans or drawings, which are necessary to explain the question; however, they should not contain proprietary names or information.
Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten in this format by the Committee prior to being answered, which may inadvertently change the intent of the original request.
ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional information that might affect an interpretation is available. ASME does not approve, certify, rate, or endorse any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. Attending Committee Meetings. The PTC 18 Committee holds meetings or telephone conferences, which are open to the public. This Code defines procedures for field performance and acceptance testing of hydraulic turbines and pumpturbines operating with water in either the turbine or pump mode.
Any test with an efficiency uncertainty greater than the above value does not meet the requirements of this Code.
It defines methods for ascertaining performance by measuring flow rate discharge , head, and power, from which efficiency may be determined. Requirements are included for pretest arrangements, types of instrumentation, methods of measurement, testing procedures, methods of calculation, and contents of test reports.
This Code also contains recommended procedures for. Their provisions shall apply unless otherwise specified. Common terms, definitions, symbols, and units used throughout this Code are listed in this Section. Specialized terms are explained where they appear.
The following definitions apply to this Code:. Systematic errors are often due to a problem that persists throughout the entire experiment. Also called bias errors. The total error consists of two components: systematic error and random error. Other agents, advisors, engineers, etc. Customary Units shown in parentheses see Table See Figs.
By agreement between the parties to the test, the runner reference elevation, ZC, for determining the plant cavitation factor may be selected at the location where the development of cavitation has a predominant influence on the performance of the machine.
In the absence of such agreement, the reference elevation, ZC, shall be as shown in Fig. Also called precision errors. Some definitions in this Code may differ from those customarily associated with centrifugal pumps. Customary Units.
Area of agreed flow section in machine high-pressure passage between machine and any valve. Area of agreed flow section in machine low-pressure passage between machine and any valve. Value of acceleration due to gravity at a given geographical location. See Tables M and Sum of potential, pressure, and velocity heads at given point in the water passage. Sum of potential, pressure, and velocity heads at machine high-pressure section.
Sum of potential, pressure, and velocity heads at machine low-pressure section. Water elevation difference between upper pool and lower pool. HL1 5 Z1p 2 H1. HL2 5 H2 2 Z2p. Difference between total head of high-pressure section and total head of low-pressure section corrected for buoyancy of water in air. NOTE: An engineering judgment is necessary to determine whether the effect of flow in the pool on its elevation is negligible or whether a correction is needed.
Height of water column under prevailing conditions equivalent to static pressure at given point in the water passage. Height of water column under prevailing conditions equivalent to gage pressure at horizontal centerline of machine high-pressure section, A1. Height of water column under prevailing conditions equivalent to gage pressure at horizontal centerline of machine low-pressure section, A2.
Height of water column under prevailing conditions equivalent to atmospheric pressure absolute at given latitude and elevation. Average pressure differential in the static line portion of a pressuretime trace corrected for instrument offset.
Average pressure differential in the running line portion of a pressuretime trace corrected for instrument offset. Pressure differential between pressuretime sections corrected for instrument offset.
Height of water column under prevailing conditions equivalent to kinetic pressure head in a given flow section. Height of water column equivalent to vapor pressure absolute of water at temperature of turbine discharge or pump inlet. The absolute pressure head at the first-stage runner reference elevation Zc , minus the vapor pressure head of the liquid.
Power equivalent of flow rate at net head. Static pressure at any point in water passage relative to prevailing atmospheric pressure. Static pressure measured by a gage or transducer at the gage elevation, relative to prevailing atmospheric pressure.
Absolute vapor pressure of water at a given temperature see Tables M and Volume of water passing through the machine per unit time, including water for seals and thrust relief but excluding water supplied for the operation of auxiliaries and the cooling of all bearings. Elevation of horizontal centerline of machine highpressure section relative to a common datum.
Elevation of horizontal centerline of machine lowpressure section relative to a common datum. Elevation of cavitation reference location relative to a common datum. Elevation of a pressure gage typically used to measure pg Figs. Mass per unit volume of water at measured temperature and pressure see Table Mass per unit volume of ambient air at measured temperature and barometric pressure see Tables M and Mass per unit volume of mercury at measured temperature and barometric pressure see Tables M and NPSH 5 H.
Density of a liquid used in a manometer for the pressure measurement is related to the mid-height of the liquid column. Standard Atmosphere, U. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. Standard Atmosphere formulation for pressure, using the ideal gas law to account for the effect of temperature a. The use of the geometric elevation Z instead of the geopotential elevation specified in the reference produces densities accurate to within Computed values agree with the referenced table to within 0.
At atm, the density of mercury changes by only 0. Therefore, the compressibility of mercury at pressures normally seen in hydraulic machine operations may be neglected. Table Density of Mercury, U. Standard Atmosphere formulation 5.
Table Atmospheric Pressure, U. For the pump mode, the head losses will be of the opposite sign. Radial machines, such as Francis turbines and pumpturbines; for multistage machines; low-pressure stage.
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IEC ed. One or more runs at the various gate openings shall be conducted at each of several heads, using machined metal spacers, if necessary, for accurately and positively blocking the gate servomo tors at each position. For pumped storage installations with large reservoirs it may be convenient to conduct tests at only one point in the head range.
At each constant head, sufficient test runs shall be conducted at the same gate opening using metal spacers, if necessary, to reduce the positioning error. The object of the test shall be agreed by the parties to the test and shall be defined in writing before the test s commence. In tests conducted in accordance with this Code, the parties to the test shall be represented and shall have equal rights in determining the test methods and procedures unless agreed to otherwise.
Any agreement reached among the parties to the test shall be in writing. Acceptance testing shall be performed only after dependable operation and after the machine has been found by inspection to be in a condition satisfactory, to the parties to the test, to undergo the test.
The parties to the test should agree, after consideration of plant operation, head, and flow-rate conditions when the test is to be performed. This shall be as soon as possible after the machine is handed over to the owner and within the specified warranty period, unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the test.
The parties to the test shall be entitled to have such members of their staff present during the test as required to assure them that the test is conducted in accordance with this Code and in accordance with any written agreements made prior to the test. Unless otherwise provided, head losses between the high-pressure and low-pressure sections are charged to the machine.
At installations where an absolute flow-rate measurement is not practical or desirable, the index method Nonmandatory Appendix D may be used. Index testing makes use of the relative flow rate in order to determine relative machine efficiency. In the case of a machine with both adjustable wicket gates and adjustable runner blades, index testing should be carried out before the performance test to determine the best gate and blade combination. The positions of the wicket gates and runner blades for various positions of the operating mechanisms shall be accurately measured, and suitable reference scales shall be provided.
These scales shall be accessible during operation and their indications shall be recorded during the test. For pumped storage installations, with small reservoirs, tests can be conducted conveniently over the.
Indisputable records shall be made to identify and distinguish the machine to be tested and the exact method of testing selected. Descriptions, drawings, or photographs may all be used to give a permanent, explicit record. Instrument location shall be predetermined, agreed by the parties to the test, and described in detail in test records.
Redundant, calibrated instruments should be provided for those instruments susceptible to inservice failure or breakage. This applies particularly to the arrangements for measurement of flow rate, head, power, and speed.
The method for measuring flow rate should be selected during the design stage and stated in the procurement document. Typical items that should be decided during the design stage and prior to construction are a flow-rate measurement method and devices b location of high-pressure and low-pressure sections c number and location of pressure taps and instrument connections d location of flow-rate measurement section e location and type of piping for pressure and flow rate measuring devices to be used during the test f provisions for power measurement.
It is recommended that the cavitation factor during the test be equal to or greater than the cavitation factor corresponding to the normal operating conditions to avoid effects resulting from the onset of cavitation.
It is recommended that PF be at unity, wherever possible. This shall include a statement of the minimum number of runs and the operating conditions, loads and gate settings at which runs are to be made. Obtaining this equipment and the personnel experienced in its installation, adjustment, operation, and the analysis of the results is a major consideration. Some methods require unwatering to install and remove test equipment. Others require only limited interruption for inspection and testing.
These factors are significant to the overall cost of the test. Some methods require a long series of readings for each run. Other methods require only a few seconds to make a single reading for each run. The pressuretime method requires that the interconnected electrical system absorb sudden shedding of load; water passages and other structures may be subject to increased stresses.
The agreement shall also reflect the requirements of any applicable specification. Any discernible omissions or ambiguities as to any of the conditions shall be resolved before the test is started. Typical items on which written agreement shall be reached are a object of test. The manufacturer may not make adjustments to the machine for test purposes that may prevent immediate, continuous, and reliable operation at all capacities or outputs under all specified operating conditions.
Any actions taken must be documented and immediately reported to all parties to the test. Acceptance and other official tests shall be conducted as promptly as possible following initial machine operation.
The machine should be operated for sufficient time to demonstrate that intended test conditions have been established, e. Agreement on procedures and time should be reached before commencing the test. Once testing has started, readjustments to the machine that can influence the results of the test should require repetition of any test runs conducted prior to the readjustments.
No adjustments should be permissible for the purpose of a test that are inappropriate for reliable and continuous operation following a test under any and all of the specified outputs and operating conditions. Data shall be taken by automatic data-collecting equipment or by a sufficient number of competent observers.
Automatic data-logging and advanced instrument systems shall be calibrated to the required accuracy. No observer shall be required to take so many readings that lack of time may result in insufficient care and precision. Consideration shall be given to specifying duplicate instrumentation and taking simultaneous readings for certain test points to attain the specified accuracy of the test.
Agreement shall be reached in advance as to the personnel required to conduct the test. Intercommunication arrangements between all test personnel and all test parties and the chief of test should be established. Complete written records of the test, even including details that at the time may seem irrelevant, should be reported. Controls by ordinary operating indicating, reporting, or integrating instruments, preparation of graphical logs, and close supervision should be established to give assurance that the machine under test is operating in substantial accord with the intended conditions.
For an acceptance test, accredited representatives of the purchaser and the machine supplier should be present at all times to assure themselves that the tests are being conducted with the test code and prior agreement. Preliminary results shall be computed during the course of the test and these results, together with selected important measurements, shall be plotted on graphs.
Any run, which appears to be inconsistent with the other runs or appears to exceed limits of deviation or fluctuation, shall be repeated. However, test records of all runs shall be retained.
All drawings of importance for the test and all relevant data, documents, specifications, calibration certificates, and reports on operating conditions shall be examined by the chief of test and made available to the parties to the test.
Preliminary test runs, with records, serve to determine if the machine is in suitable condition to test, to check instruments and methods of measurement, to check adequacy of organization and procedures, and to train personnel. All parties to the test may request the execution of reasonable preliminary test runs. Observations during preliminary test runs should be carried through to the calculation of results as an overall check of procedure, layout, and organization.
If such preliminary test run complies with all the necessary requirements of the appropriate test code, it may be used as an official test run within the meaning of the applicable code. For acceptance and other official tests, the manufacturer or supplier shall have reasonable opportunity to examine the machine, correct defects, and render the machine suitable to test.
The manufacturer, however, is not thereby empowered to alter or adjust the machine. Electronic data acquisition is recommended where the data system has the required accuracy and resolution, the readout is clear, and periodic verification readings are made by independent means. Careful inspections and checks of all instrumentation shall be carried out before, during, and after the test. Transducers shall be located to minimize the effect of ambient conditions on uncertainty, e.
Care shall be used in routing lead wires to the data-collection equipment to prevent electrical noise in the signal. Manual instruments shall be located so that they can be read with precision and convenience by the observer. All instruments shall be marked uniquely and unmistakably for identification. Calibration tables, charts, or mathematical relationships shall be readily available to all parties of the test.
Observers recording data shall be instructed on the desired degree of precision of readings. The timing of instrument observations shall be determined by an analysis of the time lag of both the instrument and the process so that a correct and meaningful mean value and departure from allowable operating conditions may be determined.
Sufficient observations shall be recorded to prove that steady-state conditions existed during the test where this is a requirement. A sufficient number of observations shall be taken to reduce the random component of uncertainty to an acceptable level. The machine under test should be operated to ensure its performance is bounded by the permissible fluctuations and permissible deviations specified. No efficiency correction is required see Figs.
Each run shall be conducted under the best steady-state conditions obtainable at the operating point. Once a test has started, adjustments to the machine under test or the test equipment, which may affect test results, shall not be permitted. Should adjustments be deemed necessary by the parties to the test, prior runs shall be evaluated and voided if necessary and the test restarted.
Programs that are used to calculate results may be considered as proprietary. However, sufficient information needs to be provided for the true copies, which permits the duplicated data to be used to calculate the test results. These copies will provide the parties to the test with all information plus ensure the safekeeping and integrity of the test data.
Copying by hand is not permitted. The completed data records shall include the date and time of day the observation was recorded. The observations shall be the actual readings without application of any instrument corrections. The test log should constitute a complete record of events including details that at the time may seem trivial or irrelevant.
Erasures, destruction, or deletion of any data record, page of the test log, or of any recorded observation is not permitted. If corrected, the alteration shall be entered so that the original entry remains legible and an explanation is included.
For manual data collection, the test observations shall be entered on carefully prepared forms that constitute original data sheets authenticated by the observers signatures. For automatic data collection, printed output or electronic files shall be authenticated by the chief of test and other representatives of the parties to the test.
When no paper copy is generated, the. Copies of the electronic data files must be copied onto tape or disks and distributed to each of the parties to the test. The data files shall be in a format that is easily accessible to all. Data residing on a machine should not remain there unless a backup, permanent copy on a separate medium is made.
If so, reasonable effort should be made to adjust or eliminate the inconsistency. The method used should be explained clearly in the report of results. If this is not possible, questionable test runs should be repeated. Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement a sensors or transducers b cabling c calibration d uncertainty e data sufficiency f data management g operational considerations h acquisition speeds i resolution j noise rejection k data verification Transducer selection must be made with full knowledge of the characteristics of the parameter being measured and of the EDAS that will record the output from the transducer.
Cabling must be designed so as not to pick up unwanted noise or attenuate the measured signal. Cables may pick up noise spikes when using high-frequency radios in the vicinity of the cables or the EDAS.
Transducer calibration should be performed with the system cabling and excitation active in the system. Uncertainty should be a primary consideration when designing an EDAS for machine performance testing. Sufficient data should be recorded to allow low random uncertainty. Raw-data signals should be recorded with the EDAS along with data converted to engineering units so that discrepancies may be readily evaluated, and to aid in system troubleshooting.
The EDAS must be designed so that verification of engineering parameters can be performed on site. The machine under test should be operated such that the system stability is attained prior to data collection. Scan rates of time-varying signals must be sufficient to ensure that the complete characteristic of the signal is obtained, yet should be slow enough so that the amount of data saved is not excessive to the extent that it does nothing to improve the test measurements or lower the random uncertainty.
As an example, scanning-transducer outputs connected to a machine operating under steady-state conditions at 1 cycles per second for 1 min, would generate an extremely large amount of data yet may still not adequately describe operation at that gate setting. Calibration procedures should be carefully developed well in advance of the test using benchmarks established prior to the test.
Instruments shall be located so they can be read with precision and convenience by the observers. All instruments shall be clearly and properly identified, and their calibration tables or charts shall be readily available. Observers shall be instructed in the proper reading of the instruments and the desired precision of the readings. The precision of all measuring instruments shall be compatible with the degree of accuracy agreed to by the parties to the test.
The instrument manufacturers, identifying numbers, owner of instruments, and length and type of electrical leads, where applicable, shall be stated in the final report.
Additional instrumentation may be necessary to maintain the uncertainties required by subsection when testing at machine operating conditions substantially different than the best operating range of the instrumentation. Those instruments that cannot be calibrated on site shall bear a valid calibration certificate from an accredited laboratory. Before carrying out the test, the necessary correction and calibration curves of all instruments employed shall be available, so that within a short time following a test run, preliminary calculations can be made.
After completion of the test, a repeat calibration may be omitted by agreement by the parties to the test. Instrument calibrations shall be included in the final report. However, the use of an EDAS is not without pitfalls. An EDAS must be used with knowledge of the signals being processed and the rate of change of quantities being measured.
This is often the case in gate slots at elevations above the conduit ceiling, or against a wall that is above the machine discharge conduit e. The end of the well should be capped, and at least six square-edged holes with a diameter of at least 6 mm 1 4 in. When installed in the flow in this manner, the uncertainty in the head measurement can be estimated as one-half of the velocity head at the stilling well location.
The elevation of this main bench mark shall be accurately determined, preferably in relation to some established datum such as a geodetic bench mark. The main bench mark shall be clearly labeled to avoid any possibility of error. The elevations of auxiliary bench marks for free water surface levels and pressure gages shall be accurately determined in relation to the main bench mark prior to starting the test.
All bench marks and elevation reference points in the head-measuring system shall be retained undisturbed until the final test report is accepted. This will aid in verifying the value of the density of water, the functioning of the pressure-measurement system, and the accuracy of the water-level elevations.
The outlet-water elevation shall be determined at the agreed section at the end of the outlet conduit. If this is not practical, a different measurement section may be used in each case at the shortest possible distance from the agreed flow section. The total head determined at the measurement sections shall be corrected by the head loss in the intervening passages between the agreed flow section and the actual measurement section computed by the DarcyWeisbach or similar formula.
The following guidelines apply if a float-gage type stilling well is used: a The area of the measuring well should be such that the float gage may respond freely and without interference from the sides of the stilling well. Such cover plates should be flush with the wall of the measurement section to eliminate any disturbance.
It is recommended that at least two measuring wells be provided at each measurement section, one on each side of the passage at the measurement section. These wells may also be used to confine and protect submersible pressure cells when they are used for water-surface elevation measurement. The following guidelines apply when submersible pressure cells suspended in pipe-type stilling wells are used: The other leg is connected to the free water level. If the free water level to be measured is above the manometer, the water in the upper portion of the U-tube must be depressed by means of compressed air or nitrogen.
If, however, the free water level to be measured is below the manometer, the levels in the two U-tube legs must be raised by suction. The connecting tubes to the manometer must allow for ready purging to remove any gas pockets and to maintain the same water temperature throughout the system. Dissolved gases in the water may continue to be released over time during the course of the measurements, so periodic inspection is required. A procedure for installation and calibration of the transducer must be developed in advance to allow for the fabrication of special support fixtures required.
They must be sufficiently airtight to avoid leakage of air into sections below atmospheric pressure. The weight of the unbalanced gas column in a differential manometer shall be taken into account. Further details on manometers can be found in PTC The float diameter should be at least mm 8 in.
When the float is manually displaced, it shall return to within 5 mm 0. A float diameter of mm 8 in. A fixed staff gage, installed flush with the wall of the measurement section, may be used where the head is greater than 10 m 33 ft.
The free water elevation may be determined by means of compressed gas, air or nitrogen, inside a tube bubbler system. One end of the tube is connected through a regulating valve to a small compressor s or gas bottle s. The other end is open and located at a known elevation below the water surface to be measured.
Pressure loss in the tube is small because the flow rate is 3 to 8 bubbles per minute. Gas consumption is small because it is necessary only for small bubbles to escape continuously from the open end of the tube. The bubbler works best in still water, because dynamic effects may cause errors. A water level indicator with an integral scale and audible and visual indicator may be used when the probe reaches water level and the circuit is completed.
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